Effects of Sudden Changes on Pipe Pressure

DN = Nominal pipe diameter
Di = Effective internal diameter of pipe
For the continuous pressure drop in the cone, consider an equivalent length of pipe of diameter DN1= L

PRESSURE DROPS DUE TO SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT IN WATER COLUMN METRES

PRESSURE DROPS DUE TO SUDDEN RESTRICTION IN WATER COLUMN METRES

PRESSURE DROPS LOCALISED TO DIVERGENT ISO CONES IN WATER COLUMN METRES

PRESSURE DROPS LOCALISED TO CONVERGENT ISO CONES IN WATER COLUMN METRES